Bullying Description and Analysis of the Phenomenon Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The violent nature in bullying boys has been noticed and it has been found that boys are likely to be more violent and they can cause injury, therefore bullying by more overt physical means (Benbenishty Astor, 2005, p. 13). Girls, on the other hand, tend to be more covert and devious, utilizing such means as spiteful rumor mongering and telling tales or gossiping (Geffner et al. , 2002, p. 27). Delfabbro et al. (2006) stated that girls are significantly more likely to use non-physical aggression (Delfabbro et al. 2006, p. 72) It has been noticed that the same gender children bully the same gender children as boys are bullied by boys and girls are bullied by girls (Hilarski et al, 2004). It has been found in some cases that although this was the case with boys bullying alone, more females than males were involved in mixed gender group bullying. (Seals and Young, 2003, Discussion section, para. 3). As already mentioned and as the research shows that a greater number of boys are i nvolved in bullying than girls that bully, however, the evidence is contradictory when it comes to noticing whether boys are more prevalent as victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying: Description and Analysis of the Phenomenon or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page As girls are not violent in bullying however there is evidence that girls experience more verbal bullying and boys more physical (Stanley Aurora, cited in Osler Vincent, 2003, p. 94). The survey conducted by Barone (1993) found that 89.3% of boys had experienced physical abuse, and 67.1% of girls had experienced verbal bullying (Green, 2007, para. 9).

Definition and Examples of Lowercase Letters in English

In the printed alphabet  and orthography, the term lowercase  (sometimes spelled as two words) refers to small letters (a,b,c . . .) as distinguished from capital letters (A,B,C . . . ). Also known as  minuscule  (from Latin  minusculus, rather small). The writing system of English (as in most Western languages) uses a dual alphabet or  bicameral script--that is, a combination of lowercase and uppercase letters. By convention, lowercase is generally used for the letters in all words except for the initial letter in  proper nouns  and in words that begin sentences. (For exceptions, see Names With Unusual Capitalization, below.) Origin and Evolution of Lowercase Letters Originally, lower case letters stood by themselves. Their forms derived from the penned Carolingian minuscule. The upper and lower case letters received their present form in the Renaissance. The serifs of the capitals, or upper case letters, were adapted to those of the lower case alphabet. The capitals are based on an incised or chiseled letter; the lower case characters are based on a pen-written calligraphic form. Now the two kinds of letters appear together. (Jan Tschichold, Treasury of Alphabets and Lettering. Norton, 1995)Upper and lower case? The term comes from the position of the loose metal or wooden letters laid in front of the traditional compositors hands before they were used to form a word—the commonly used ones on an accessible lower level, the capitals above them, waiting their turn. Even with this distinction, the compositor would still have to mind their ps and qs, so alike were they when each letter was dismantled from a block of type and then tossed back into the compartments of a tray. (Simon Garfield, True to Type: How We Fell in Love With Our Letters. The Observer, October 17, 2010) Names With Unusual Capitalization Several coinages provide a new look to English spelling, especially with names. We have never seen anything before quite like the use of a lower-case initial for a brand-name, as in iPod, iPhone, iSense and eBay, or airline companies such as easyJet and jetBlue, and it is not yet clear how to handle them, especially when we want one of these words to begin a sentence. There are precedents for introducing a capital in the middle of a word (as in such names as McDonalds and chemical substances such as CaSi, calcium silicate), but brand names have hugely increased its everyday visibility, as seen in AltaVista, AskJeeves, PlayStation, YouTube and MasterCard. (David Crystal, Spell It Out. Picador, 2012)Brand names or names of companies that are spelled with a lowercase initial letter followed by a capital letter (eBay, iPod iPhone, etc.) need not be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or heading, though some editors may prefer to reword. This departure from Chicagos former usage re cognizes not only the preferred usage of the owners of most such names but also the fact that such spellings are already capitalized (if on the second letter). Company or product names with additional, internal capitals (sometimes called midcaps) should likewise be left unchanged. (​The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.The University of Chicago Press, 2010)  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Xerox or xerox? The dropping of the capital letter of the trademark is one piece of certain evidence that the trademark has indeed become generic...The OED [Oxford English Dictionary] lists XEROX both as capitalized, and in lower case, as well as a trademark and generic term: a proprietary name for photocopiers . . . also used loosely to denote any photocopy (20: 676). This definition points out clearly that xerox, either capitalized or in lower case, is used throughout the population as both a proper adjective and as a noun. (Shawn M. Clankie, Brand Name Use in Creative Writing: Genericide or Language Right? in Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a Postmodern World, ed. Lise Buranen and Alice M. Roy. SUNY Press, 1999)A good rule to follow is that most trademarks are adjectives, not nouns or verbs. Use trademarks as modifiers as in Kleenex tissues or Xerox copiers. Similarly, trademarks are not verbs--you can copy on a Xerox machine, but you cannot xerox anything.(Jill B. Treadwe ll, Public Relations Writing. Sage, 2005) Pronunciation: lo-er-KAS Alternate Spellings: lower case, lower-case

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Two Free Essays

I climbed out onto the roof through my bedroom window and looked back at Hickory. â€Å"Hand me those binoculars,† I said. It did – and then climbed out the window with me. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since you’ve probably never seen it I’ll have you know it’s a pretty impressive sight to watch an Obin unfold itself to get through a window. Very graceful, with no real analogue to any human movement you might want to describe. The universe, it has aliens in it. And they are. (Obin: â€Å"it,† not â€Å"he† or â€Å"she.† Because they’re hermaphrodites. That means male and female sex organs. Go ahead and have your giggle. I’ll wait. Okay, done? Good.) Hickory was on the roof with me; Dickory was outside the house, more or less spotting me in case I should trip or feel suddenly despondent, and then fall or leap off the roof. This is their standard practice when I climb out my window: one with me, one on the ground. And they’re obvious about it; when I was a little kid Mom or Dad would see Dickory blow out the door and hang around just below the roof, and then yell up the stairs for me to get back into my room. Having paranoid alien pals has a downside. For the record: I’ve never fallen off the roof. Well, once. When I was ten. But there were extenuating circumstances. That doesn’t count. Anyway, I didn’t have to worry about either John or Jane telling me to get back into the house this time. They stopped doing that when I became a teenager. Besides, they were the reason I was up on the roof in the first place. â€Å"There they are,† I said, and pointed for Hickory’s benefit. Mom and Dad and my green friend were standing in the middle of our sorghum field, a few hundred meters out. I raised my binoculars and they went from being hash marks to being actual people. Green man had his back to me, but he was saying something, because both Jane and John were looking at him intently. There was a rustle at Jane’s feet, and then Babar popped up his head. Mom reached down to scratch him. â€Å"I wonder what he’s talking to them about,† I said. â€Å"They’re too far away,† Hickory said. I turned to it to make a comment along the lines of no kidding, genius. Then I saw the consciousness collar around its neck and was reminded that in addition to providing Hickory and Dickory with sentience – with their idea of who they were – their collars also gave them expanded senses, which were mostly devoted to keeping me out of trouble. I was also reminded that their consciousness collars were why they were here in the first place. My father – my biological father – created them for the Obin. I was also reminded that they were why I was here, too. Still here, I mean. Alive. But I didn’t go down that road of thought. â€Å"I thought those things were useful,† I said, pointing to the collar. Hickory lightly touched the collar. â€Å"The collars do many things,† it said. â€Å"Enabling us to hear a conversation hundreds of meters away, and in the middle of a grain field, is not one of them.† â€Å"So you’re useless,† I said. Hickory nodded its head. â€Å"As you say,† it said, in its noncommittal way. â€Å"It’s no fun mocking you,† I said. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Hickory said. And the thing of it was, Hickory really was sorry. It’s not easy being a funny, sarcastic thing when most of who you were depended on a machine you wore around your neck. Generating one’s own prosthetic identity takes more concentration than you might expect. Managing a well-balanced sense of sarcasm above and beyond that is a little much to ask for. I reached over and gave Hickory a hug. It was a funny thing. Hickory and Dickory were here for me; to know me, to learn from me, to protect me, and if need be to die for me. And here I was, feeling protective of them, and feeling a little sad for them, too. My father – my biological father – gave them consciousness, something the Obin had lacked and had been searching for, for the entire history of their species. But he didn’t make consciousness easy for them. Hickory accepted my hug and tentatively touched my head; it can be shy when I’m suddenly demonstrative. I took care not to lay it on too thick with the Obin. If I get too emotional it can mess up their consciousness. They’re sensitive to when I get overwrought. So I backed up and then looked toward my parents again with the binoculars. Now John was saying something, with one of his patented half-cocked smiles. His smile erased when our visitor started talking again. â€Å"I wonder who he is,† I said. â€Å"He is General Samuel Rybicki,† Hickory said. This got another glance back from me. â€Å"How do you know that?† I said. â€Å"It is our business to know about who visits you and your family,† Hickory said, and touched its collar again. â€Å"We queried him the moment he landed. Information about him is in our database. He is a liaison between your Civil Defense Forces and your Department of Colonization. He coordinates the protection of your new colonies.† â€Å"Huckleberry isn’t a new colony,† I said. It wasn’t; it had been colonized for fifty or sixty years by the time we arrived. More than enough time to flatten out all the scary bumps new colonies face, and for the human population to become too big for invaders to scrape off the planet. Hopefully. â€Å"What do you think he wants from my parents?† I asked. â€Å"We don’t know,† Hickory said. â€Å"He didn’t say anything to you while he was waiting for John and Jane to show up?† I said. â€Å"No,† Hickory said. â€Å"He kept to himself.† â€Å"Well, sure,† I said. â€Å"Probably because you scared the crap out of him.† â€Å"He left no feces,† Hickory said. I snorted. â€Å"I sometimes question your alleged lack of humor,† I said. â€Å"I meant he was too intimidated by you to say anything.† â€Å"We assumed that was why you had us stay with him,† Hickory said. â€Å"Well, yeah,† I said. â€Å"But if I knew he was a general, maybe I wouldn’t have given him such a hard time.† I pointed to my parents. â€Å"I don’t want them getting any grief because I thought it would be fun to mess with this guy’s head.† â€Å"I think someone of his rank would not come all this way to be deterred by you,† Hickory said. A list of snappy retorts popped in my head, begging to be used. I ignored them all. â€Å"You think he’s here on some serious mission?† I asked. â€Å"He is a general,† Hickory said. â€Å"And he is here.† I looked back through the binoculars again. General Rybicki – as I now knew him – had turned just a bit, and I could see his face a little more clearly. He was talking to Jane, but then turned a bit to say something to Dad. I lingered on Mom for a minute. Her face was locked up tight; whatever was going on, she wasn’t very happy about it. Mom turned her head a bit and suddenly she was looking directly at me, like she knew I was watching her. â€Å"How does she do that?† I said. When Jane was Special Forces, she had a body that was even more genetically modified than the ones regular soldiers got. But like Dad, when she left the service, she got put into a normal human body. She’s not superhuman anymore. She’s just scary observant. Which is close to the same thing. I didn’t get away with much of anything growing up. Her attention turned back to General Rybicki, who was addressing her again. I looked up at Hickory. â€Å"What I want to know is why they’re talking in the sorghum field,† I said. â€Å"General Rybicki asked your parents if there was someplace they could speak in private,† Hickory said. â€Å"He indicated in particular that he wanted to speak away from Dickory and me.† â€Å"Were you recording when you were with him?† I asked. Hickory and Dickory had recording devices in their collars that recorded sounds, images and emotional data. Those recordings were sent back to other Obin, so they could experience what it’s like to have quality time with me. Odd? Yes. Intrusive? Sometimes, but not usually. Unless I start thinking about it, and then I focus on the fact that, why yes, an entire alien race got to experience my puberty through the eyes of Hickory and Dickory. There’s nothing like sharing menarche with a billion hermaphrodites. I think it was everyone’s first time. â€Å"We were not recording with him,† Hickory said. â€Å"Okay, good,† I said. â€Å"I’m recording now,† Hickory said. â€Å"Oh. Well, I’m not sure you should be,† I said, waving out toward my parents. â€Å"I don’t want them getting in trouble.† â€Å"This is allowed under our treaty with your government,† Hickory said. â€Å"We’re allowed to record all you allow us to record, and to report everything that we experience. My government knew that General Rybicki had visited the moment Dickory and I sent our data query. If General Rybicki wanted his visit to remain secret, he should have met your parents elsewhere.† I chose not to dwell on the fact that significant portions of my life were subject to treaty negotiation. â€Å"I don’t think he knew you were here,† I said. â€Å"He seemed surprised when I sicced you on him.† â€Å"His ignorance of us or of the Obin treaty with the Colonial Union is not our problem,† Hickory said. â€Å"I guess not,† I said, a little out of sorts. â€Å"Would you like me to stop recording?† Hickory asked. I could hear the tremble on the edge of its voice. If I wasn’t careful about how I showed my annoyance I could send Hickory into an emotional cascade. Then it’d have what amounted to a temporary nervous breakdown right there on the roof. That’d be no good. He could fall off and snap his snaky little neck. â€Å"It’s fine,† I said, and I tried to sound more conciliatory than I really felt. â€Å"It’s too late now anyway.† Hickory visibly relaxed; I held in a sigh and gazed down at my shoes. â€Å"They’re coming back to the house,† Hickory said, and motioned toward my parents. I followed its hand; my parents and General Rybicki were indeed heading back our way. I thought about going back into the house but then I saw Mom look directly at me, again. Yup, she’d seen me earlier. The chances were pretty good she knew we had been up there all that time. Dad didn’t look up the entire walk back. He was already lost in thought. When that happened it was like the world collapsing in around him; he didn’t see anything else until he was done dealing with what he was dealing with. I suspected I wouldn’t see much of him tonight. As they cleared the sorghum field, General Rybicki stopped and shook Dad’s hand; Mom kept herself out of handshaking distance. Then he headed back toward his floater. Babar, who had followed the three of them into the field, broke off toward the general to get in one last petting. He got it after the general got to the floater, then padded back to the house. The floater opened its door to let the general in. The general stopped, looked directly at me, and waved. Before I could think what I was doing, I waved right back. â€Å"That was smart,† I said to myself. The floater, General Rybicki inside, winged off, taking him back where he came from. What do you want with us, General? I thought, and surprised myself by thinking â€Å"us.† But it only made sense. Whatever he wanted with my parents, I was part of it too. How to cite Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Two, Essay examples

Crime Decreasing Issue Essay Example For Students

Crime Decreasing Issue Essay Society has other alternatives to decreasing crime than simply locking people inprison. Preventative programs focus on the community, school, family, employmentand places. In addition, there are rehabilitation and restorative justiceprograms that can also be used to decrease crime. Prisons are the onlyalternatives we hear about from politicians because of the notion that prisonsare tough on crime. In reality, the method that reduces crime themost is the toughest on crime,and many research studiesdemonstrate prisons are not the best alternatives. Over 65% of the peopleconvicted for 3-Strikes are for drug-related offenses. There is great evidencethat putting many 3-Strikers in rehabilitation programs costs much less tosociety overall than simply putting them in prison for 25 years or more. Inaddition, there are preventative programs that can be used rather than theprison cell. Each $1 we spend on prisons is a $1 that we could spend elsewhere(or not be taxed in the first place). The pro blem with only addressing crime bylocking people in prison is that it has done nothing to alleviate the roots ofthe problems that cause crime in our society. Other people are born and grow upin the same areas where the previous offenders lived and will probably committhe same acts because the underlying problems still exist. There is muchevidence that the gap between the wealthy and the poor is growing in the UnitedStates. Unfortunately, the U.S.s response to the problem has been: Therich get richer, and the poor get prison. To focus on street crime anddrug-related crimes can be considered a hidden way to set up concentration campsfor the poor and minorities. There is much evidence that white-collar corporatecriminals cause much more economic wealth to be illegally distributed and canresult in many more deaths and injuries than street crime (e.g., violatingsafety standards in employment, emission of environmental hazards). Does societyspend as much to enforce the laws on them? Are t hey sent to prison for the samesentences as the poor street criminals? Are wealthy users of drugs ending up inour prisons? The control and punishment models adoptedby the U.S. may cause other problems. Social rebellion and deviance among theyoung may increase. And, in an opposite manner, some of our youth may embracecontrol and punishment as the answers to all ourproblems. A growing devision among these two groups could cause extreme problemsin the future.